GRUB, GNU GRand Unified Boot Loader

Boot loader is a software code that runs before the Operating System and helps in loading the Operating System. Boot loaders usually contain several ways to boot the Operating System kernel and also contain commands for trouble-shooting or passing some values to the kernel while booting.

When a computer with Red Hat Enterprise Linux is powered on, the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Operating System is loaded into memory and started by a boot loader. A boot loader program is located on the system's primary hard drive and the boot loader has the responsibility of loading the Linux kernel with its required necessary files into the computer’s memory.

RedHat enterprise editions for different hardware architecture use different boot loaders. The following table shows the different boot loaders for different hardware platforms.

Architecture	Boot Loaders
AMD32, AMD64,	GRUB
Intel x86, EMT64T	GRUB
Intel Itanium	ELILO
IBM eServer System i	OS/400
IBM eServer System p	YABOOT
IBM System z	z/IPL

The GRUB (GNU GRand Unified Boot loader) is the default boot loader for AMD32, AMD64, Intel x86 and Intel EMT64T based hardware platforms. GRUB (GNU GRand Unified Boot loader) enables the selection of the installed operating system at boot time. GRUB also allows the user to pass arguments to the kernel while booting.

Different stages of Linux booting.

1. The Stage 1 or primary boot loader is read into memory by the BIOS from the Master Boot Record (MBR). The primary boot loader exists on less than 512 bytes of disk space within the MBR and is capable of loading either the Stage 1.5 or Stage 2 boot loader.

2. The Stage 1.5 boot loader is read into memory by the Stage 1 boot loader.

3. The Stage 2 or secondary boot loader is read into memory. The secondary boot loader displays the GRUB menu and command environment. This interface allows the user to select which kernel or operating system to boot, pass arguments to the kernel, or look at system parameters.

4. The secondary boot loader reads the operating system or kernel as well as the contents of /boot/sysroot/ into memory. Once GRUB determines which operating system or kernel to start, it loads it into memory and transfers control of the machine to that operating system.

5) init program is initiated and it will read the inittab file (/etc/inittab) and set up the appropriate runlevel.

GRUB (GNU GRand Unified Boot loader) Boot Loader

Different stages of Linux booting.